Portal to the Colorado State Library --- One place to find journal srticles

http://lib.colostate.edu/databases/

DHEA-Ovaries- Library Research in Science

---Under development---

I thought some readers might be interested in this patent:

CHR is awarded DHEA patent
Our Medical Director, Norbert Gleicher, MD, and our Clinical Director, David Barad, MD, MS, were recently awarded an important patent in the use of dehyeroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the treatment of infertility.

I haven't reviewed the treatment and I am not a medical doctor, so, anyone interested in this topic for medical reasons would have to consult a health professional.

However, it provides a popular topic for further literature research, and, is an example of going from advertisements or press releases to journal articles. Some students might be hooked into a lifelong passion in science because they get started reading the technical literature. While this topic might not be one for young people, the website is geared to adults and can illustrate the way one might go about finding more information. It also shows the use of a science skill in library research could help keep people current as they go through life. Students should pick topics of interest to them, and go from there. If one is interested in trains, one might link train travel to the spread of disease, or, to invasive species, or to engineering...to whatever captures the students interest. But, now, back to the example of the DHEA for old ovaries...

One could start with news articles. Here is an example: http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/2163/.

Or, one could start with a patent search,

or, with the name of of the doctors or DHEA, related journal articles.

If the topic is of interest to you, try to see what you can find.

(more soon)

Alloxan as an example of library research

Part of science literacy and science education is learning to use the library resources to find information. You can try this yourself as we step through some ideas.

Here is a beginning way to get in to the technical literature starting from the less technical literature. Say that you read the following:

You may want to think twice before eating your next sandwich on white bread. Studies show that alloxan, the chemical that makes white flour look "clean" and "beautiful," destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. That's right; you may be devastating your pancreas and putting yourself at risk for diabetes, all for the sake of eating "beautiful" flour. Is it worth it? Scientists have known of the alloxan-diabetes connection for years; in fact, researchers who are studying diabetes commonly use the chemical to induce the disorder in lab animals. Source: http://www.naturalnews.com/008191.html Accessed 10/12/09.

You might start out saying, "What is alloxan?" You can use a distionary on the web. There are several below, on the blog. Try one of those. The medical dictionary below will link here: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alloxan Try it.

Now, you might want to check on diabetes: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diabetes


With Reach Reading TM all that information doesn't overwhelm you, even if you don't understand everything yet. Let's see. How about checking some general information on the web? A quick search brought me to:

Silymarin induces recovery of pancreatic function after alloxan ...by C Soto - 2004

Tissue-specific reduction of galanin content in the pancreas in ...by BE DUNNING - 1993

It looks like we are already getting into the refereed journals. These will take a stick-to-it attitude, yes, persistence! We might even try to look for scholarly articles now. Hmm... Now I found this one and others like it:

현미의 발아정도에 의한 항산화활성의 변화

강보라， 박미정， 이흠숙 - 한국식품영양과학회지, 2006 - dbpia.co.kr
... Comparison of some characteristics relevant to rice bread processing between ...
3. 대사증후군을 가진 … 4. 학교급식 음료 선호… 5. Alloxan 당뇨 ...

So, I remember that research is found all over the world, and I look some more. I think that is Korean, but, I will need to check, if I need to do an exhaustive search.

Oh, yes, almost forgot...back to the dictionary for silymarin.

In a way, it is like playing a computer game where one is looking for treasure. The search occurs in the library and the treasures are the information that you glean from ythe technical literature.

More soon.

---under development---20

(c)2009 J S Shipman

Functional Metabolism

In, Functional Metabolism, Kenneth B. Storey deeply examines metabolism and regulation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.

Find it in a library near you by going to http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/53937951

Feel free to add your comments or reviews. (Remember, this book might take, "Reach Reading™" but it is my opinion it will be worth the challenge!)

Dr. J

Reach Reading is ™ of J S Shipman.

How do you get to Primary Sources from Secondary Sources?

Here is a secondary source article on ants (Click the words).

How would you find primary source articles on the same ants?

Here is an example of
a primary source article
that came up when searching in PNAS for
ants. It is not on Martialis heureka,
and, not by Christian Rabeling:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2447876.
Still, it might provide some clues.

The secondary source cited PNAS...Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, so let's look there:
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/14/5287.full?ck=nck. But, we have to go find a library that has this or purchase it to find out if it talks about the new species. It is like detective work.

A ha! Information on, "the 'ant from Mars' single specimen discovered in the Brazilian rainforest represents a sister lineage to all other ants... ARTICLE #08-06187: 'Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution,' by Christian Rabeling (rabeling@mail.utexas.edu (Source:http://chinese.eurekalert.org/en/pub_releases/2008-09/potn-sif091808.php, 9-19-08)), Jeremy M. Brown, and Manfred Verhaagh." Let's try to find that! Here we go...Here's the link to the abstract: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/09/13/0806187105.abstract. Remember, when looking at a primary source article like this one, to use "reach reading" (trademark, jsshipman). You may have to look up a lot of new vocabulary. But, remember after reading 4 or 5 articles on the same topic, you'll likely learn all that vocabulary and be well on your way to becoming an expert. At the elementary school level, just getting the gist of an article and knowing that such primary sources do exist is the idea. (You might do an activity like circling or listing all the words you don't know...Remember not to write in books or journals unless you personally own them, however.) Don't get frustrated. Remember, just finding such articles and knowing they exist is great at this level. People who win the science fairs on the national level usually use these types of articles even in grades 1-6. On the high school level and junior college level, do try to paraphrase the gist of the article. (Knowing how to do this may come in handy during your life time, in case someone gets sick and you want to look up current research to discuss with your doctor, for example.) Upper class members and graduate students can remember that this is college level reading...and, it takes time to become familiar with such reading, even at these higher education levels. But, you should slug through articles in your research area, until you comprehend them. You might have to stay on the same paragraph for three days, or more, to do that. (Again, don't get frustrated nor discouraged.)

Could you also find primary source articles on the plants used as food, or habitat, or in the environment of these ants? Oh, another detective task! Let's see... First go back to the article and see if any plants are mentioned.
Try your hand at this and I will get back later on and update the post.

I don't know if you checked or not, but, you've had some time to look. When I looked, I didn't find anything there except, "plants of the Amazon rain forest," so I went to the primary source abstract. No plants were listed there, either, but, I found the words, "hypogaeic foragers." Those "Reach Reading™" words might help us. For example, knowing the meaning of common prefixes, roots, and suffixes will boost your chances of understanding new words. That is, we can guess from word parts:
Hypo...low, below
Gaeic... Earth, earth

We can also look in on-line or print dictionaries: hypogaeic foragers.

Now that we've checked those meanings, we can use these terms together with Amazon rain forest, to see if we can find anything: http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967765773&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=967765773.pdf appears to be a thesis or dissertation from Germany, however, it is written in English and holds a clue: "[Ants known]...to feed on palm oil had broad food spectra (Rettenmeyer[,] 1963; Savage, 1849; Roonwal, 1972; Moffett, 1986)." Looking at the cited articles, we see these complete references:

Moffett, 1986. M. W. Marauders on the Jungle Floor. National Geographic 170:273-286.

Rettenmeyer, C. W. 1963. Behavioral studies in army ants. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 44:281-465.

Roonwal, M.L. 1972. Plant-pest status of root-eating ant, Dorylus orientalis, with notes on distribution and habits (Insecta:Hymenoptera). J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 72:305-313.

Savage, T. S. 1849. The driver ants of Western Africa. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 4:195-200.

The National Geographic article is likely a secondary source. The others look outwardly like they might be primary source, refereed journal articles. We can obtain these articles on-line, or, through interlibrary loan, or, by going to a library that has the journals. I suggest looking at the Roonwal article first, because he talks of roots and plant-pests. But, this article is in the Bombay journal... so, it likely doesn't mention plants of the Amazon that are fed on by ants.

If we have a difficult time finding such articles... on ants eating what plants in the Amazon, it may suggest a research area where we can provide new information. Of course, our literature search has just begun, but, it is an idea worth noting down. (These days you may wish to keep your notes in a spread sheet type file or a database. Personally, I find Microsoft Excel (trademark Microsoft) to be the easiest to rapidly manipulate and to be easy to add new columns and change the data types being stored, if desired. I have also used a number of other systems and file cards and notebooks, or combinations of the above...You have to find your own best system. For young students, this finding-your-own-best-system means learning specific ones your teachers give you, so you can try them out, to later discover what works best for you for note-taking.)

I hope at this point you are catching a feel for the detective-like, puzzle-solving excitement of science... Tracking down ideas in the technical literature so that you can build on the shoulders of the scientists preceding you. Gathering information is one of the steps needed in designing experiments. It allows you the tools to create sound experimental design. One must guard against being biased by the previous work, however. Go and explore. You can search for more primary articles on ants and their plants, or, you can select another science topic that interests you. Remember, the goal is to distinguish between primary and secondary sources, while you read about a science topic of interest to you. (By the way, this skill of finding primary and secondary sources is transferable to other areas such as history, music, math, art and all others.) Enjoy the detective work, and, don't get discouraged by difficult words.

Feel free to add comments on articles that you find, or on your own literature search adventures. If you have questions on primary and secondary sources, be sure to ask those, too.
###
Further Notes:
While looking up, "hypogaeic," to link definitions into the post, I came across this post on a "new" (1903) hypogaeic ant from Texas and have included it for your information: http://www.jstor.org/pss/1535770. When searching the technical literature, "old" literature may provide valuable information. This point is important because students are taught to stay current, and that, too, is important. But, some information is only available in older works. For example, one would not disregard the works of Aristotle or Plato, even though they are old. I mention this because I've seen schools teach students to throw out old references just because they are old. Sometimes that's valid, sometimes, it's not. The important thing is to think deeply about the value. For example, if you were reading an article on heredity from the 1930's and used it as your only source for a paper on heredity, then, you'd be in trouble, because so much new information is known on DNA and heredity since that time. The article below might provide a great comparison and contrast with the earlier article, cited in the secondary source that started this post... style of writing, methods used, similarities and differences in the descriptions, and so on.

The reference to the Texan ants is shown below:

• William Morton Wheeler. 1903. Erebomyrma, a new genus of hypogæic ants from Texas. Biological Bulletin, 4:3 (Feb., 1903). 137-148. Published by: Marine Biological Laboratory.

Once the post is updated, I will indicate the update at the bottom of the post: Updated 9-18-2008; Updated 9-20-2008.